淮安市饮用水源水三氮变化分析

为了解淮安市生活饮用水源水三氮污染状况，按照地表水检验方法进行了检验，评价三氮污染程度并分析其变化规律。     

Trends in exhaust emissions from in-use Mexico City vehicles, 2000–2006. A remote sensing study

A remote sensing study was conducted in year 2006 in four locations of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City (MAMC). Two of the sites were the same studied back by us in year 2000 and by others in year 1994. A database was compiled containing 11,289 valid measurements for the carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbons (THC), and nitric oxide (NO) exhaust vehicles emissions. Valid measurements were binned for each pollutant by the vehicle specific power (between −5 and 20 kW tonne⁻¹) for the 2000 and 2006 databases. The mean average CO, THC, and NO emissions for year 2006 were determined to be 1.10 ± 0.18 vol.%, 299 ± 88.4 ppm, and 610 ± 115.0 ppm, respectively. Matching the vehicle driving patterns of the fleet measured in year 2000 with the emissions factors obtained in this work, allows estimating the trends in the exhaust emissions of vehicles in the MAMC. The adjusted results of the remote sensing study performed in year 2006 shows that the fleet has decrease 22% in CO and 17% in NO emissions, with small change in total hydrocarbons emissions. The improvements could be related with the introduction in year 2001 of vehicles that met tighter emissions standards, particularly for nitrogen oxides.     

北京市高海拔地区百花山空气质量状况及与市区的差异性研究

对北京市远郊百花山(海拔1300 m)2007—2017年大气常规6项污染物数据进行了分析,并与代表市区的国控站点均值数据进行了比较。研究发现,百花山SO2、CO、PM2.5浓度为国控站点浓度的35.5%~35.7%,NO2、PM 10、O 3浓度分别为国控站点浓度的14.0%、41.5%、185.5%。11年间,百花山6项常规污染物浓度逐年降低。2013—2017年,百花山PM2.5浓度年均降速为11.4%,低于国控站点13.3%的年均改善水平。百花山和国控站点在污染物季节变化趋势上基本一致,秋季颗粒物浓度差异最大,春季差异最小。百花山6项污染物的日变化峰谷比值为1.21~1.44,其差异小于国控站点。各项污染物浓度在18:00出现峰值,认为主要受城区远距离传输影响。2013—2017年,百花山共出现5个PM2.5重污染天,5级以上重污染小时数为442 h,国控站点有2%的重污染小时与百花山同步。     

工业结构低碳发展程度的评估方法及案例研究

工业高碳发展及结构性污染已经成为中国环境问题的一个重要特征,对工业结构的低碳发展程度,包括资源能源消耗、污染物排放等进行合理评估,是工业结构调整的前提.定性和定量相结合对工业结构的低碳发展程度进行快速评价,定性评价采用单因子行业位置值与产值所占比例关系图进行分析,定量评价采用工业结构综合低碳发展程度指数进行计算.以北京市海淀区为例,其工业结构综合低碳发展程度指数为0.42,属于工业结构低碳发展程度的较好等级,说明其工业结构基本合理,但是耗能大的行业仍占较大比例,应该进一步优化工业结构来达到可持续发展.     

Integrated Water and CGE Model of the Impacts of Water Policy on the Beijing's Economy and Output

The article used general equilibrium model to analyze the change of gross domestic product and industry output affected by water resources policies in Beijing City by using GEMPACK soft tool.The article researches on rules of water supply and demand,evaluating water resources,building water resources input and output table,establishing water computable general equilibrium model and stimulating water policy.The stimulation gives a scenario that increases water price by 10%.The result shows the following aspects.First,water resources policy infects gross domestic product and industry output in different ways.There are different behaviors in different industries as to the water policy.Agriculture industry has the same tendency as water price change and it has more sensitive to water quantity than to water price.For basic energy industries such as oil and chemistry and gas,they show diversity tendency.As to some high water consumer industry such as paper and textile etc.,water resource economic policy can infect them greatly and can promote them to accomplish more water-saving technology.Waste water and construction and service industries show the same tendency as to water policy.Second,government should pay more attention to water resource policy by macro economic administration.The simulation also shows that the output and supply and consumer price change more than expect as to water policy in a free market economic in water industry.So as to a government policy maker,one should be more carefully and prepare suitable forecast and plan to water policy and its negative impact.     

清代北京地区瘟疫流行的社会影响及政府应对

清代北京地区瘟疫反复流行,不仅导致人口大量死亡,还对政治制度、经济发展、城市建设、民众信仰产生重大影响.瘟疫流行期间,清政府拨付专款,设局施药施棺进行直接救治.同时,还注意安置解决来京流民饥民问题,对控制疫情的蔓延起了重要的作用.此外,基于传统天象示警的观念,统治者还通过重清理刑狱和征求直言的方式挽回天意,达到消除瘟疫...     

南京市不同时间尺度温度变化特征

利用南京市1951～2005年的气温资料，研究了南京市不同时间尺度的气温变化特征。结果表明：1951～2005年，南京市温度的年变化呈现上升趋势，年平均最高温度的上升幅度较年平均最低温度高，温度日较差（DTR）的年平均值为下降趋势，1992年可作为近55a南京地区冷暖期的转折点。温度的季节变化也多数呈现上升趋势，四季的平均气温增暖幅度最大是春季，最小的是夏季；四季的平均最高气温与平均最低气温多数都表现为上升的趋势，只有夏季的平均最高温度表现为下降的趋势。因此，近55a南京市在温度总体呈现上升趋势的情况下，夏季有变凉的趋势。四季的DTR的变化中，只有春季为上升趋势，其余季节都是下降的趋势。极端年份的日平均温度变化趋势基本一致，但各年份的DTR变化趋势却不相同。     

基于旅游动机的入境旅游者感知形象和行为特征差异——以苏州市为例

不同旅游动机所表现出的市场特征差异性,对开发适应市场需求的旅游产品以及促进旅游市场发展具有重要意义。通过市场抽样调查方法,分析苏州市入境旅游者5种旅游动机的旅游细分市场特征差异。结果表明,一是不同旅游动机的游客群体对苏州感知形象差异明显;二是不同旅游动机在旅游信息渠道、出游方式、停留时间和旅游消费等4个方面的旅游行为存在一定差异。最后根据差异性提出科学合理的旅游市场开发措施。     

京津唐地区水资源供需矛盾与水环境灾害

京津唐地区水资源供需矛盾突出，目前每年缺水50—80亿m^3，预计到2030年将缺水80—100亿m^3，如发生大旱，可能导致严重水荒。近几十年过量开发利用水资源，导致地表水不断萎缩，地下水位持续下降，不仅引起大面积地面沉降和地面塌陷、海水入侵，而且加剧了气候干旱化和土地沙漠化。缓解水资源危机的根本出路是大力节水的同时，开辟新的水源，切实保护水资源，防治水环境灾害。     

Regional Economic Types and Development Strategy of Small Towns in Suburb Beijing

The purpose of this article is to classify the regional economic types and development dynamics of small towns in suburb Beijing by applying the classification methods developed by Nelson's method and Location Quotient method into 183 small towns in Beijing.Four types of small towns are thus identified,including urban agriculture dominated towns,manufacturing dominated towns,service industry dominated towns and comprehensive type towns with balanced economic development.Within the environment of geographical information system,the spatial distribution pattern of four types of small towns with their evolution trend is analyzed.The results indicate that four types of small towns have obvious 'core-periphery' spatial structure but with different functional orientations and evolution mechanisms.Based on this,the different development strategies for each type of small towns are summarized,providing a scientific reference for the differentiating planning and development strategies of these small towns.